Disassembler

When Scriggo runs a program or template, first compiles it into a bytecode and then runs it on the Scriggo Virtual Machine.

How to disassemble

To disassemble a program or a template you can:

  • in the Scriggo Playground click on the Disassemble button to show the disassembled program.

  • with the scriggo package, call the method Disassemble on the value returned by the Build method to disassemble a named package:

    asm, err = program.Disassemble("main")

  • with the scriggo package, call the method Disassemble on the value returned by the BuildTemplate method to disassemble the template:

    asm = template.Disassemble(-1)

Registers

The Scriggo Virtual Machine has 500 registers for each called function to store its local variables:

  • 125 integer registers: i1, i2, ..., i125
  • 125 floating-point registers: f1, f2, ..., f125
  • 125 string registers: s1, s2, ..., s125
  • 125 general registers: g1, g2, ..., g125

Local variables with basic type an integer or boolean type are stored in the int registers:

var a int
var b uint32
var c rune
var d time.Duration = 5 * time.Second
var e bool // false is stored as 0
var f MyBool = true // true is stored as 1

Local variables with basic type a floating-point type are stored in the float registers:

var a float32
var b float64
var d MyFloat = 3.2

Local variables with basic type string are stored in the string registers:

var a string
var b MyString = "hello"

All other local variables are stored in the general registers:

var a []int
var b map[string]string
var c interface{}
var d time.Time
var e *S

ok flag

In addition to the registers for called functions, there is special boolean ok flag used by Assert, If, MapIndex, Select, Range and Receive instructions.

Package clause

The clause Package begins a disassembled code and defines the package to which the code belongs.

Syntax:  Package name ; description: package name

Import declaration

The declaration Import states that the disassembled package uses exported identifiers of the imported package.

Syntax:  Import "pkg" ; description: import "pkg"

Func declaration

The declaration Func declares a function with its body and specifies the number of registers that it uses.

Syntax:  Func f(a1, ...an) (r1, ...rn) ; func f(a1, ...an) (r1, ...rn) 
                 ; regs(ni,nf,ns,ng)

Example: Func sum(i1, i2 int) (i3 int)
                 ; regs(3,0,0,0)

Macro declaration

The declaration Macro declares a macro with its body and specifies the number of registers that it uses.

Syntax:  Macro m(a1, ...an) T ; {% macro m(a1, ...an) T %} ... {% end %}
                 ; regs(ni,nf,ns,ng)

Example: Macro Head(s5 markdown) (s7 markdown)
                 ; regs(1,0,3,0)

Assembly instructions

The Scriggo assembly is an abstraction above the virtual machine instructions. Some assembly instructions have a direct representation in a virtual machine instruction but some do not.

There are 72 assembly instructions:

  1. Add
  2. Addr
  3. And
  4. AndNot
  5. Append
  6. AppendSlice
  7. Assert
  8. Break
  9. Call
  10. Cap
  11. Case
  12. Close
  13. Complex64
  14. Complex128
  15. Continue
  16. ConvertNumber
  17. ConvertSlice
  18. ConvertString
  19. Concat
  20. Copy
  21. Defer
  22. Delete
  23. Div
  24. Field
  25. Func
  26. GetVar
  27. GetVarAddr
  28. Go
  29. Goto
  30. If
  31. Index
  32. Len
  33. Load
  34. LoadFunc
  35. MakeArray
  36. MakeChan
  37. MakeMap
  38. MakeSlice
  39. MakeStruct
  40. MapIndex
  41. MethodValue
  42. Move
  43. Mul
  44. Neg
  45. New
  46. NotZero
  47. Or
  48. Panic
  49. Print
  50. Range
  51. RealImag
  52. Receive
  53. Recover
  54. Rem
  55. Return
  56. Select
  57. Send
  58. SetField
  59. SetMap
  60. SetSlice
  61. SetVar
  62. Shl
  63. Show
  64. Shr
  65. Slice
  66. Sub
  67. SubInv
  68. TailCall
  69. Text
  70. Typify
  71. Xor
  72. Zero

Add

The instruction Add sums two integers or two floats. Add has two forms.

The first form sums the operands addressed by a and b and stores the result in c, the type of operands is int or float64.

The second form adds the operand addressed by b and c and stores the result in c. type is the type of the operands.

b can be an integer constant between 0 and 255.

Syntax:  Add a b c    ; description: c = a + b // int and float64 types
         Add type b c ; description: c += b

Example:  Add i12 8 i7
          Add f2 f9 f5
          Add uint8 i2 i6
          Add float32 50 f2

Addr

The instruction Addr takes the address of a slice element or struct pointer field and stores it in p. For slices, the slice is addressed by s and the index of the element is addressed by i. For struct pointers, the struct pointer is addressed by s and the field index is addressed by i.

Syntax:  Addr s i p ; description: p = &s[i]
         Addr s i p ;              p = &s.f // where f if the field of s at index i

And

The instruction And computes the bitwise AND of the operands addressed by a and b and stores the result in c.

Syntax:  And a b c  ; description: c = a & b

AndNot

The instruction AndNot computes the AND NOT (bit clear) of the operands addressed by a and b and stores the result in c.

Syntax:  AndNot a b c ; description: c = a &^ b

Append

The instruction Append appends values to the slice addressed by s and store the resulting slice in s. The appended values are the values in the registers starting from the register start and ending to the register end. The registers with the values to append are consecutive and their type depends on the type of the slice's element.

Syntax:  Append start end s ; description: s = append(s, start, ..., end)

Example:  Append s3 s5 g2 ; append the values in the s3, s4 and s5 registers

AppendSlice

The instruction AppendSlice appends the slice addressed by s1 to the slice addressed by s2 and stores the resulting slice in s2.

Syntax:  AppendSlice s1 s2 ; description: s2 = append(s2, s1...)

Assert

The instruction Assert asserts that the value addressed by x is not nil and it is of type T.

Syntax:  Assert x T v ; description: v, ok = x.(T)

If the type assertion holds, it stores the resulting value into the register v (the register type depends on the type T), sets the ok flag to true and skips the next instruction.

If the type assertion is false, it sets the ok flag to false and, if the next instruction is a Panic, does a run-time panic.

Break

The instruction Break breaks a previous executed Range instruction at label label.

Syntax:  Break label ; description: break label

Call

The instruction Call calls the function, or macro, with name name or the function, or macro, addressed by fn with arguments addressed by i, f, s and g.

  1. i is the first integer register of the integer parameters.
  2. f is the first floating point register of the floating point parameters.
  3. s is the first string register of the string parameters.
  4. g is the first general register of the other parameters.

i, f, s and g may be the blank identifier if there are no such arguments.

Syntax:  Call name i f s g ; description: name(...)
         Call (fn) i f s g ;              fn(...)

Example: Call fmt.Printf _ _ s3 g2
         Call (g8) i2 _ s4 _

In a function call, consecutive registers are used to store the return values and the arguments to the function. For example for a call to the function sum:

func sum(a, b int) int {
    return a + b
}

three consecutive integer register are used for the parameters. The first is reserved for the return parameter, the second and third for the parameters a and b. So the following example:

s := sum(1, 2)
print(s)

could be compiled to:

Move 1 i6          ; store a into the register i6
Move 2 i7          ; store b into the register i7
Call sum i5 _ _ _  ; call sum
Print i5           ; print the return value stored in the register i5

where the register i5 is reserved for the return parameter, the registers i6 and i7 respectively for the parameters a and b.

This little more complex example:

split := strings.SplitN("a,b,c", ",", 2)
n := len(split)

could be compiled to:

Move "a,b,c" s5                 ; store the string to split into s5
Move "," s6                     ; store the separator into s6
Move 2 i3                       ; store the count into i3
Call strings.SplitN i3 _ s5 g2  ; call strings.SplitN
Len g2 i2                       ; get the length of the returned slice

Cap

The instruction Cap gets the cap of the slice or channel addresses by s and stores it in c.

Syntax:  Cap s c ; description: c = cap(s)

Case

The instruction Case defines a new case that can be chosen by a subsequent Select instruction.

If the instruction Select chooses a Send case, it sends the value addressed by v to the channel ch. If the instruction Select chooses a Recv case, it receives from the channel addressed by ch and stores the value in v. If the instruction Select chooses a Default case, it does nothing.

See the Select instruction for how to use Case with Select.

Syntax:  Case Send v ch ; description: case ch <- v:
         Case Recv ch v ; description: case v = <-ch:
         Case Default   ; description: default:

Close

The instruction Close closes the channel addressed by ch. Closing a closed channel or a nil channel causes a run-time panic.

Syntax:  Close ch ; description: close(ch)

Complex64

The instruction Complex64 assembles a complex64 value from the float32 values addressed by re and im and stores the resulting complex in c.

Syntax:  Complex64 re im c ; description: c = complex(re, im)

Complex128

The instruction Complex128 assembles a complex128 value from the float64 values addressed by re and im and stores the resulting complex in c.

Syntax:  Complex128 re im c ; description: c = complex(re, im)

Continue

The instruction Continue begins the next iteration of the previous executed Range instruction at label label.

Syntax:  Continue label ; description: continue label

ConvertNumber

The instruction ConvertNumber explicitly converts the numeric operand addressed by x from the kind xKind to the kind yKind and stores it in y.

Syntax:  ConvertNumber x xKind yKind y

xKind and yKind can be Int, Int8, Int16, Int32, Uint, Uint8, Uint16, Uint32, Float32, Float64, Complex64 or Complex128. yKind can also be String if xKind is a integer kind.

Example: ConvertNumber i7 Int32 Uint i4 
         ConvertNumber f2 Float64 Float32 f6
         ConvertNumber g5 Complex128 Complex64 g4
         ConvertNumber f11 Float32 Complex128 g2
         ConvertNumber i3 Int String s7

ConvertSlice

The instruction ConvertSlice explicitly converts the slice of bytes or runes addressed by x to a value of type string and stores it in y.

Syntax:  ConvertSlice x y ; description: y = string(x)

ConvertString

The instruction ConvertString explicitly converts the string operand addressed by x to a slice of bytes or runes value of type T and stores it in y.

As a special case, if T is the format type html, ConvertString explicitly converts a value of type markdown to a value of type html.

Syntax:  ConvertString x T y ; description: y = T(x)

Example:  ConvertString s3 []byte g5
          ConvertString s8 []rune g2
          ConvertString s6 html s7

Concat

The instruction Concat concatenates the string operands addressed by s1 and s2 and stores the resulting string in s3.

Syntax:  Concat s1 s2 s3 ; description: s3 = s1 + s2

Copy

The instruction Copy copies the elements of the slice addressed by src to the slice addressed by dst. If the operand n is not zero, Copy stores in the integer register addressed by n the number of elements copied .

Syntax:  Copy src n dst ; description: n = copy(dst, src)

Defer

The instruction Defer defers the execution of the function addressed by f.

Syntax:  Defer f ; description: defer f() { ... }

TODO: to be completed.

Delete

The instruction Delete removes from the map addressed by m the element with key addressed by k.

  Syntax:  Delete m k ; description: delete(m, k)

Div

The instruction Div divides two integers or two floats. Div has two forms.

The first form divides the operands addressed by a and the operand addressed by b and stores the result in c, the type of operands is int or float64.

The second form divides the operand addressed by c and the operand addressed by b and stores the result in c. type is the type of the operands.

b can be an integer constant between -128 and 127, excluding zero.

Syntax:  Div a b c    ; description: c = a / b // int and float64 types
         Div type b c ; description: c /= b

Example:  Div i10 4 i7
          Div f3 f4 f5
          Div int8 -6 i3
          Div float64 f2 f1

Field

The instruction Field gets from the struct pointer referred by s the field at the index referred by i and stores its value in v.

  Syntax:  Field s i v ; description: v = s.f // where f is the field of s at index i

Func

The instruction Func combines a function literal declaration with a load of the function (a closure to be precise) into fn.

Syntax:  Func fn ; description: fn = func(...) { ... }
             <function body>

Example: Move 2 i1
         Func g3
             Move 2 i3
             Add i1 1 i2
             Return
         Call (g3) i1 _ _ _

See the LoadFunc instruction for how to load a non-literal function.

GetVar

The instruction GetVar gets (TODO).

Syntax:  GetVar i c ; description:

GetVarAddr

The instruction GetVarAddr gets (TODO).

Syntax:  GetVarAddr i c ; description:

Go

The instruction Go runs the following Call or CallIndirect instruction in a new goroutine.

Syntax:  Go ; description: go

Example:

Go
Call Serve i2 _ s1 _

Goto

The instruction Goto transfers control to the instruction with the corresponding label within the same function.

Syntax:  Goto label ; description: goto label

If

The instruction If checks its condition and skips the next instruction if it is satisfied.

Syntax:  If Zero a                   ; description: if a == 0
         If NotZero a                ;              if a != 0

         If Nil a                    ;              if a == nil
         If NotNil a                 ;              if a != nil

         If NilInterface a           ;              if a == nil // a has an interface type
         If NotNilInterface a        ;              if a != nil // a has an interface type

         If a Equal b                ;              if a == b
         If a NotEqual b             ;              if a != b
         If a Less b                 ;              if a < b
         If a LessEqual b            ;              if a <= b
         If a Greater b              ;              if a > b
         If a GreaterEqual b         ;              if a >= b

         If a LenEqual b             ;              if len(a) == b
         If a LenNotEqual b          ;              if len(a) != b
         If a LenLess b              ;              if len(a) < b
         If a LenLessEqual b         ;              if len(a) <= b
         If a LenGreater b           ;              if len(a) > b
         If a LenGreaterEqual b      ;              if len(a) >= b

         If a ContainsSubstring b    ;              if a contains b   // as substring
         If a ContainsRune b         ;              if a contains b   // as rune
         If a ContainsElement b      ;              if a contains b   // as element
         If a ContainsKey b          ;              if a contains b   // as key
         If a ContainsNil            ;              if a contains nil // as element or key

         If a NotContainsSubstring b ;              if a not contains b   // as substring
         If a NotContainsRune b      ;              if a not contains b   // as rune
         If a NotContainsElement b   ;              if a not contains b   // as element
         If a NotContainsKey b       ;              if a not contains b   // as key
         If a NotContainsNil         ;              if a not contains nil // as element or key

         If OK                       ;              if ok  // ok is the ok flag
         If NotOK                    ;              if !ok // ok is the ok flag

Index

The instruction Index gets, from the slice or string referred by s, the element at the index referred by i and stores its value in v.

Syntax:  Index s i v ; description: v = s[i]

Len

The instruction Len gets the length of the slice, string or channel addressed by s and stores it in n.

Syntax:  Len s n ; description: n = len(s)

Load

The instruction Load loads a value v and stores it by copy into dst.

Syntax:  Load v dst ; description: dst = v

Example: Load 64 i3
         Load 3.14 f7
         Load "a" s1
         Load [2]int{} g3
         Load nil g5

LoadFunc

The instruction LoadFunc loads the function with name name into fn.

Syntax:  LoadFunc name fn ; description: fn = name

Example: LoadFunc strings.HasPrefix g2
         Call (g2) i1 _ s3 _

See the Func instruction for how to declare and load a function literal.

MakeArray

The instruction MakeArray makes an array with type T and stores it in a.

Syntax: MakeArray T a ; description: var a T

MakeChan

The instruction MakeChan makes a channel with type T and buffer size addressed by s and stores it in ch.

Syntax:  MakeChan T s ch ; description: ch = make(T, s)

MakeMap

The instruction MakeMap makes a map with type T and size addressed by s and stores it in m.

Syntax:  MakeMap T s m ; description: m = make(T, s)

MakeSlice

The instruction MakeSlice makes a slice with element type T, length addressed by n, cap addressed by c and stores it in s.

Syntax:  MakeSlice T n c s ; description: s = make(T, n, c)

MakeStruct

The instruction MakeStruct makes a struct with type T and stores it in s.

Syntax: MakeStruct T s ; description: var s T

MapIndex

The instruction MapIndex gets from the map addressed by m the element with key addressed by k and stores its value in v. Also, it sets the ok flag to true if the key exists or false if key does not exist.

Syntax:  MapIndex m k v ; description: v = m[k]

MethodValue

TODO

Move

The instruction Move copies the value addressed by s to d.

Syntax:  Move s d ; description: d = s

Mul

The instruction Mul multiplies two integers or two floats. Mul has two forms.

The first form multiplies the operands addressed by a and the operand addressed by b and stores the result in c, the type of operands is int or float64.

The second form multiplies the operand addressed by c and the operand addressed by b and stores the result in c. type is the type of the operands.

b can be an integer constant between -128 and 127.

Syntax:  Mul a b c    ; description: c = a * b // int and float64 types
         Mul type b c ; description: c *= b

Example:  Mul i2 i4 i3
          Mul f9 12 f2
          Mul uint16 i3 i1
          Mul float32 f5 f6

Neg

The instruction Neg negates the operand addresses by b, with an integer or floating point type, and stores the result into c.

If b does not have int or float64 type, type indicates its type.

Syntax:  Neg b c      ; description: c = -b // for int and float64 types
         Neg type b c ; description: c = -b // for the other integer and floating point types

Example:  Neg f2 f3
          Neg i4 i4
          Neg float32 f5 f8

New

The instruction New allocates storage for a variable of type T and stores a pointer to this variable in v.

Syntax:  New T v ; description: v = new(T)

NotZero

The instruction NotZero checks if the value addressed by the register b is not a zero value; if so, then stores 1 in the integer register c, otherwise stores 0.

As special cases, if the value addressed by b is an empty slice or an empty channel the instruction NotZero stores 0.

Moreover, if the value addressed by b has type interface and it is not nil, the instruction NotZero evaluates its dynamic value.

Syntax: NotZero b c ; description: c = 1 if b is not the zero value for its type
                                   c = 0 otherwise

Example:  NotZero i1 i2
          NotZero s1 i3

See also the Zero instruction.

Or

The instruction Or computes the bitwise OR of the operands addressed by a and b and stores the result in c.

Syntax:  Or a b c ; description: c = a | b

Panic

The instruction Panic panics with the value addressed by v.

Syntax:  Panic v ; description: panic(v)

Print

The instruction Print formats the operand addressed by v as does the built-in print and writes the result to standard error.

Syntax:  Print v ; description: print(v)

Range

The instruction Range does an iteration through the entries of a slice, string, map or channel.

  1. For a slice, the iteration is on the slice addressed by s and the instruction Range stores the iteration index in i and the element in e.
  2. For a string, the iteration is on the string addressed by s and the instruction Range stores the iteration index in i and the rune in r.
  3. For a map, the iteration is on the map addressed by m and the instruction Range stores the key in k and the value in v.
  4. For a channel, the iteration is on the values received on the channel addressed by ch and the instruction Range stores the value in v.

If there are no elements to iterate over, it sets the vm.ok flag to false, otherwise it sets the flag to true.

The instruction that follow Range is executed only when there are no more values to iterate over, during the iteration this instruction is skipped.

The second and third operands can be the blank identifier.

Syntax:  Range s i e ; description: for i, e = range s // for a slice
         Range s i r ; description: for i, r = range s // for a string 
         Range m k v ; description: for k, v = range m // for a map 
         Range ch v  ; description: for v = range ch   // for a channel

The instruction Range is used in combination to the instructions Goto, Continue and Break to implement a for range statement.

For example a range over the first five elements of a slice:

for i, e := range s {
    if i == 5 {
        break
    }
    print(i)
    print(e)
}
return

could be compiled to assembly:

1: Range g2 i1 s7
   Goto 3
   If i1 Equal 5
   Goto 2
   Break 1
2: Print i1
   Print s7
   Continue 1
3: Return

RealImag

The instruction RealImag extracts the real and imaginary parts of the complex number addressed by c and stores the real part in re and the imaginary part in im.

Syntax:  RealImag c re im ; description: re, im = real(c), imag(c)

Receive

The instruction Receive receive a value from the channel addressed by ch and stores the value in v. Also it sets the ok flag to true if the value received was delivered by a successful send operation, or false if a zero value was stored in v because the channel is closed and empty.

Syntax:  Receive ch v ; description: v, ok = <-ch

Recover

The instruction Recover recovers a panicking goroutine and stores in v the value passed to the call of panic. If the goroutine is not panicking or Recover was not executed directly by a deferred function it stores nil in v. v can be the blank identifier.

Syntax:  Recover v ; description: v = recover()

As a special case, compiling the statement defer recover() the following assembly line is generated:

Recover DownTheStack v

Rem

The instruction Rem computes the remainder of two integers. Rem has two forms.

The first form computes the remainder of the operands addressed by a and the operand addressed by b and stores the result in c, the type of operands is int.

The second form computes the remainder of the operand addressed by c and the operand addressed by b and stores the result in c. type is the type of the operands.

b can be an integer constant between 1 and 255.

Syntax:  Rem a b c    ; description: c = a % b // int type
         Rem type b c ; description: c %= b

Example:  Rem i10 12 i2
          Rem uint32 i7 i8

Return

The instruction Return returns from the current running function. Any functions deferred with the Defer instruction in the current function are executed before returning.

Syntax:  Return ; description: return

Select

The instruction Select selects a case from one of the cases defined by previously executed Case instructions, executes a send or receive depending on the case, clears all the cases previously defined and jumps to the instruction that follows the selected Case instruction.

Syntax:  Select ; description: select

The instruction Select is used in combination to the instruction Case to implement a select statement.

For example the select statement:

select {
case a <-tick:
	print(a)
case b <-boom:
	print(b)
default:
	print(3)
}
return

could be compiled to this assembly:

   Case Recv i5 g2  ; case a <-tick:
   Goto 1
   Case Recv s3 g1  ; case b <-boom:
   Goto 2
   Case Default     ; default
   Goto 3
   Select           ; select
1: Print i5         ; print(a)
   Goto 4
2: Print s3         ; print(b)
   Goto 4
3: Print 3          ; print(3)
   Goto 4
4: Return           ; return

Send

The instruction Send sends the value addressed by v on the channel ch.

Syntax:  Send v ch ; description: ch <- v

SetField

The instruction SetField stores the value addressed by v into the field with index i of the struct addressed by s.

Syntax:  SetField v s i ; description: s.f = v // where f is the field of s at index i

SetMap

The instruction SetMap sets the value of the map addressed by m and indexed by the key k with the value addressed by v.

Syntax:  SetMap v m k ; description: m[k] = v

SetSlice

The instruction SetSlice sets the value of the slice addressed by s at the index i with the value addressed by v.

Syntax:  SetSlice v s i ; description: s[i] = v

SetVar

The instruction SetVar sets the value of the global or closure variable at index i with the value addressed by v.

Syntax:  SetVar v i ; description: vars[i] = v

Shl

The instruction Shl computes the left shift of an integer. Shl has two forms.

The first form computes the left shift of the operands addressed by a with shift count n and stores the result in c, the type of operands a and c is int.

The second form computes the left shift of the operand addressed by c with shift count n and stores the result in c. type is the type of c.

n can be an integer constant between 0 and 255.

Syntax:  Shl a n c    ; description: c = a << n // int type
         Shl type n c ; description: c <<= n

Example:  Shl i3 5 i2
          Shl uint16 i5 i6

Show

The instruction Show formats the value addresses by v based on the context ctx and writes the result to the template out writer.

Syntax:  Show T v (ctx); description: out.Write(format(v, ctx))

Shr

The instruction Shr computes the right shift of an integer. Shr has two forms.

The first form computes the right shift of the operands addressed by a with shift count n and stores the result in c, the type of operands a and c is int.

The second form computes the right shift of the operand addressed by c with shift count n and stores the result in c. type is the type of c.

n can be an integer constant between 0 and 255.

Syntax:  Shr a n c    ; description: c = a >> n // int type
         Shr type n c ; description: c >>= n

Example:  Shr i7 2 i3
          Shr int8 i9 i3

Slice

The instruction Slice slices the slice or the string addressed by s1 and stores the resulting slice or string into s2. The values addressed by low, high and max are the low, high and max indices. max is optional for slices and it is never present for strings.

Syntax:  Slice s1 low high s2     ; description: s2 = s1[low:high]
         Slice s1 low high max s2 ;              s2 = s1[low:high:max]

Sub

The instruction Sub subtracts two integers or two floats. Sub has two forms.

The first form subtracts the operands addressed by b from the operand addressed by a and stores the result in c, the type of operands is int or float64.

The second form subtracts the operand addressed by b from the operand addressed by c and stores the result in c. type is the type of the operands.

b can be an integer constant between 0 and 255.

Syntax:  Sub a b c    ; description: c = a - b // int and float64 types
         Sub type b c ; description: c -= b

Example:  Sub i3 i9 i2
          Sub f8 23 f2
          Sub int64 i7 i1
          Sub float64 f14 f21

SubInv

The instruction SubInv subtracts two integers or two floats. SubInv has two forms.

The first form subtracts the operand addressed by a from the operand addressed by b and stores the result in c, the type of operands is int or float64.

The second form subtracts the constant addressed by b from the operand addressed by c and stores the result in c. type is the type of the operands.

The operand b is an integer constant between -128 and 127.

Syntax:  SubInv a b c    ; description: c = b - a // int and float64 types
         SubInv type b c ; description: c = b - c

Example:  SubInv i3 i9 i2
          SubInv f8 -23 f2
          SubInv int64 i7 i1
          SubInv float64 f14 f21

TailCall

TODO

Text

The instruction Text writes the text txt to the template out writer.

Syntax:  Text txt ; description: out.Write(txt)

Example: Text "<h1>About us</h1>"

Typify

The instruction Typify gets the value addressed by v1, convert it to type T and stores the resulting value into v2.

Syntax:  Typify T v1 v2 ; description: var v2 T = v1

Xor

The instruction Xor computes the bitwise XOR of the operands addressed by a and b and stores the result in c.

Syntax:  Xor a b c ; description: c = a ^ b

Zero

The instruction Zero checks if the value addressed by the register b is a zero value; if so, then stores 1 in the integer register c, otherwise stores 0.

As special cases, if the value addressed by b is an empty slice or an empty channel the instruction Zero stores 1.

Moreover, if the value addressed by b has type interface and it is not nil, the instruction Zero evaluates its dynamic value.

Syntax: Zero b c ; description: c = 1 if b is the zero value for its type
                                c = 0 otherwise

Example:  Zero i1 i2
          Zero s1 i3

See also the NotZero instruction.